LAMP Server Installation Guide on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Precise Pangolin
Contents
Update your Repository Cache
Let's ensure our repository information is up to date
apt-get update
Install Apache, PHP, and MySQL
Login to your server via SSH as the root user. If you are using a privileged user instead, preceed each command with 'sudo' to run it with root privileges.
Install tasksel
tasksel is a tool for selecting tasks for installation on Ubuntu. This tool makes it easy to install all of the packages associated with a specific server environment. Let's install tasksel:
apt-get install tasksel
Install the LAMP stack
With tasksel installed, we can now install the LAMP stack in one command.
tasksel install lamp-server
During the installation, you will be prompted to set a password for the MySQL "root" user. You will see this dialog box:
Enter a secure, strong password for the MySQL "root" user.
At this point, you have everything you need to serve content from your server. By default, apache2 is installed and configured to serve web pages from the /var/www/ directory. You can upload all of your content into the folder /var/www/ and Apache will serve your webpages. We recommend configuring your server for name-based virtual hosts and Apache makes this extremely easy.
Configuring Name-based Virtual Hosts
Name-based virtual hosts allow Apache to serve multiple web sites from a single IP. Whereas IP-based virtual hosts require each site to have its own unique IP address, name-based virtual hosts allow Apache to serve the correct website content based on the domain requested. Name-based virtual hosts are recommended whenever possible unless your needs specifically require IP-based hosting.
Before we begin configuring Apache, we're going to setup a new user and a directory on /home for serving our content. In this example, we're going to be setting up a new user and website:
Our username will be: mywebsite
Our domain name will be: mywebsite.example.com
Through this guide, replace the username and domain name values as appropriate for your username and domain name.
Add a new user
Let's add the new user:
useradd mywebsite
Create and chown the user's directory
Make this user's /home directory and public_html/ directory. While we're at it, we're going to create a directory for our new site's access log and error log.
mkdir /home/mywebsite
mkdir /home/mywebsite/public_html
mkdir /home/mywebsite/logs
chown mywebsite.mywebsite /home/mywebsite
chown mywebsite.www-data /home/mywebsite/public_html
chown mywebsite.mywebsite /home/mywebsite/logs
chmod 711 /home/mywebsite/
chmod 750 /home/mywebsite/public_html/
chmod 750 /home/mywebsite/logs
Create a VirtualHost file
Now that we have a new user and directory added, we can tell Apache to serve requests for mywebsite.example.com from our new folder. Apache works by storing a list of website virtual hosts in /etc/apache2/sites-available/. Each website gets its own file for its virtual host which makes it easy to configure each domain seperately. Let's create a new virtual host file for this website in your favorite text editor. We'll use nano in these examples:
nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/mywebsite.example.com
Within this file, enter these directives:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ServerName mywebsite.example.com
ServerAlias www.mywebsite.example.com
DocumentRoot /home/mywebsite/public_html/
ErrorLog /home/mywebsite/logs/error.log
CustomLog /home/mywebsite/logs/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
Enable the VirtualHost
Apache has a mechanism for disabling or enabling sites as needed. Once you've configured your virtual host for a website, you need to tell Apache to bring it live by enabling it.
a2ensite mywebsite.example.com
This command will create a symlink in /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/ to your virtual host file for mywebsite.example.com in /etc/apache2/sites-available/.
Reload Apache
Once your site is enabled, reload Apache for the changes to take effect.
service apache2 reload
If you have properly pointed the DNS for your domain, you should now be able to visit your website in a browser and have your content served from your new Ubuntu LAMP server.
Install suPHP
After getting your site up and running, we generally advise that suPHP be enabled for additional security.
suPHP is a tool for executing PHP scripts with the permissions of their owners. It consists of an Apache module (mod_suphp) and a setuid root binary (suphp) that is called by the Apache module to change the uid of the process executing the PHP interpreter. suPHP helps increase the security of your server. With scripts run as the owner, abusive processes can more easily be tracked back to a given user. Stricter script permissions are enforced since scripts are no longer run as the apache user.
This guide will show you how to install suPHP on your Ubuntu 12.04 server with the package manually compiled from source. suPHP has three different modes of operation which must be specified at compile time:
owner: Run scripts with owner UID/GID force: Run scripts with UID/GID specified in Apache configuration paranoid: Run scripts with owner UID/GID but also check if they match the UID/GID specified in the Apache configuration
The suPHP documentation states:
"The default is "paranoid" mode. You should *NEVER* use "force" mode as it is very dangerous. While "owner" mode is not as dangerous as "force" mode its use is disadvised and "paranoid" mode should be preferred."
In this guide we manually compile suPHP, but there is a pre-built package available for apt-get. This package is libapache2-mod-suphp.
Although suPHP states that the default mode is "paranoid", the libapache2-mod-suphp package is installed in "owner" mode by default. When suPHP is installed in "owner" mode, the directive suPHP_UserGroup is not recognized which is required for "force" or "paranoid" mode. When attempting to use the suPHP_UserGroup directive with suPHP in "owner" mode, you will encounter this error while restarting apache2:
Invalid command 'suPHP_UserGroup', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration
For this reason, we opt to install suPHP directly from source rather than use the pre-compile Ubuntu package.
Install suPHP Prerequisites
apt-get install apache2-prefork-dev make gcc g++ php5-cgi wget
Disable PHP
We're changing the interpretter that handles PHP scripts. We'll need to disable PHP5.
a2dismod php5
Installation
Download suPHP
Get the suPHP source. The current version is 0.7.1.
cd /
wget http://suphp.org/download/suphp-0.7.1.tar.gz
tar -zxf suphp-0.7.1.tar.gz
cd suphp-0.7.1
Compile suPHP
This will configure suPHP to use /etc as the configuration directory and set the mode to "paranoid".
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc --with-apache-user=www-data --with-setid-mode=paranoid --with-apxs=/usr/bin/apxs2
make
make install
Copy the suphp.conf file
The suPHP package comes with an example suphp.conf file. We're going to copy this to /etc.
cp /suphp-0.7.1/doc/suphp.conf-example /etc/suphp.conf
Clean up our installation files
rm -rf /suphp-0.7.1
rm -rf /suphp-0.7.1.tar.gz
Configuring suphp.conf
Let's modify /etc/suphp.conf for our server environment. Open the config file in your favorite editor. Throughout the course of this guide, we'll use nano.
nano /etc/suphp.conf
Change the line:
webserver_user=wwwrun
to:
webserver_user=www-data
Change the line:
x-httpd-php="php:/usr/bin/php"
to:
application/x-httpd-suphp="php:/usr/bin/php-cgi"
Loading suPHP in apache2
suphp.load
Create a suphp.load file for apache2
nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/suphp.load
Place this line in the file and save:
LoadModule suphp_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_suphp.so
apache2 suPHP config file
Create an apache2 conf file for suPHP:
nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/suphp.conf
Place these lines in the file and save.
<IfModule mod_suphp.c>
AddType application/x-httpd-suphp .php .php3 .php4 .php5 .phtml
suPHP_AddHandler application/x-httpd-suphp
<Directory />
suPHP_Engine on
</Directory>
# By default, disable suPHP for debian packaged web applications as files
# are owned by root and cannot be executed by suPHP because of min_uid.
<Directory /usr/share>
suPHP_Engine off
</Directory>
#
# Use a specific php config file (a dir which contains a php.ini file)
# suPHP_ConfigPath /etc/php4/cgi/suphp/
#
# Tells mod_suphp NOT to handle requests with the type <mime-type>.
# suPHP_RemoveHandler <mime-type>
</IfModule>
Enable suPHP in apache2
a2enmod suphp
We now need to edit our site's VirtualHost entry to include the suPHP_UserGroup directive. Continuing from above, our site is called mywebsite.example.com. Our username is 'mywebsite'. We're going to edit the appropriate apache2 Virtual Host file:
nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/mywebsite.example.com
Within this file, before the closing </VirtualHost> tag at the bottom, add these lines:
<IfModule mod_suphp.c>
suPHP_UserGroup mywebsite mywebsite
</IfModule>
Restart Apache
service apache2 restart
At this point, suPHP is enabled and active. Let's create a test php file in our directory to ensure it's working properly. Again, we're going to use the document root as described above.
Create the PHP file for testing
nano /home/mywebsite/public_html/index.php
Enter this line and save:
<?php echo 'whoim = '.exec('/usr/bin/whoami');?>
chown the file properly. We're using the username 'mywebsite' in this example.
chown mywebsite.mywebsite /home/mywebsite/public_html/index.php
You should now be able to navigate to this file in a browser and see the output. In our case, we visit mywebsite.example.com and can see:
whoim = mywebsite
This shows us that the PHP script is running as the user 'mywebsite' instead of the Apache user 'www-data'.
suPHP is now installed and ready for use.
